Ingredient 101: Cranberry Extract

Best known for its role in urinary tract health, cranberry extract is now emerging as a promising ally in preventing dental caries (cavities) and periodontal (gum) disease. But how exactly does this tart little berry contribute to a healthier smile?

Regulation of the oral microbiome and biofilms

Cranberry extract is rich in polyphenols, particularly proanthocyanidins, which play a key role in inhibiting activity of cavity causing bacteria in the mouth [1]. These polyphenols work by:

• Reducing bacterial adhesion: Cavity causing oral bacteria, such as Streptococcus mutans, cling to tooth surfaces and form biofilms, which eventually lead to plaque buildup and cavities. Cranberry extract interferes with bacterial adhesion, making it harder for these microbes to stick to teeth.
• Inhibiting acid production: S. mutans and other cavity causing bacteria produce acids that weaken enamel. Cranberry polyphenols help reduce acid production, lowering the risk of enamel demineralisation and cavity formation.
• Disrupting biofilm formation: A biofilm is a structured community of bacteria encased in a protective matrix. One study found that cranberry polyphenols interfere with the formation of exopolysaccharide (EPS), a sticky, gel-like substance that holds biofilms together and shields them from external threats [2]. Additionally, EPS allows acidic compartments to form within the biofilm that neutralising saliva cannot reach, increasing the risk of enamel demineralisation [3]. By disrupting EPS formation, cranberry polyphenols may weaken the biofilm structure, reduce acid retention, and limit bacterial adhesion. This makes it easier to remove bacteria through brushing and flossing, ultimately lowering the risk of demineralisation and mineral loss.

Enamel Remineralisation

In a recent study, it was found that the proanthocyanidins in a cranberry extract were able to promote remineralisation on the superficial layer of initial caries lesions in primary teeth. This was accompanied by an effective reduction in bacterial count and an increase in the hardness of the tooth surface [4].

Dentine

A recent study explored the potential of proanthocyanidins to aid in dentine remineralisation and protect against cavities. The researchers investigated how they could mimic glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), natural molecules that help maintain the structural integrity of dentine collagen [5]. They found the following:

• Collagen Protection and Strengthening: When dentine is exposed to acids, there is a risk that collagen scaffolds could break down. Proanthocyanidins stabilised collagen fibers by forming cross-links, preserving their structure and making them more resistant to decay.
• Enhanced Dentine Remineralisation: Proanthocyanidins promoted the infiltration of calcium and phosphate, leading to stronger and more uniform mineral deposits in dentine. Treated dentine regained mechanical strength close to that of healthy dentine.

Conclusion

Proanthocyanidins from cranberries could offer significant benefits for children’s primary teeth, which are more vulnerable to decay due to thinner enamel and a higher organic content in dentine. To shield young teeth during their most vulnerable stages, EvaGlo Kids toothpaste includes a cranberry extract for added remineralisation support and regulation of the oral microbiota and developing biofilms.